我国中亚热带缓丘区红粘土红壤肥力的演化Ⅱ.化学和生物学肥力的演化

本文着重探讨红粘土红壤化学和生物学肥力在利用过程中的演化特征,并通过聚类分析筛选出评价红壤化学和化学肥力演化的指标,并进行了相应的评价。结果表明：红粘土红壤的要草地及荒地系统由于长期受侵淋溶等退化过程的影响,土壤养分水平已跌至“保底”值．垦殖利用后,其化学肥力随着耕垦熟化过程不断提高,表现为土壤中各种速效养分及交换性Ｃａ、Ｍｇ含量均增加,而交换性Ａ１含量降低。同样,林草地系统红粘土红壤的生长学肥力     

砂姜黑土长期施肥对小麦生长的影响研究

砂姜黑土20年长期定位施肥试验研究结果表明,不同施肥处理对小麦产量的影响明显,各处理产量为Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ>CK,单施化肥有利于培育大蘖壮苗,利用增穗增粒对提高产量有一定作用,但因提高土壤肥力作用较小而难以高产。单施有机肥培肥作用明显,但其养分释放缓慢,影响小麦对养分的吸收,且生育前期营养生长不良,群体不足,小麦增产幅度较小。有机肥与化肥配施养分供应平衡,群体动态、产量结构合理,是砂姜黑土地区小麦持续高产和土壤培肥的有效措施,但应同时重视K肥施用。     

潮土中有机物质的分解与腐殖质积累

本文采用＾１４Ｃ标记示踪法研究我国北方潮土中有机物质的分解速率及其影响因素。潮土中有机物质的分解,除受气候条件影响外,还受土壤ＣａＣＯ３含量,水分及盐碱含量等因素的影响,并讨论了潮土有机质积累及提高潮土有机质含量的途径。     

氨化秸秆还田加快秸秆分解提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率

为探索一种能够加快秸秆分解速率和促进冬小麦生长的秸秆还田新措施,2011-2014年采用小区试验方法,对比研究了秸秆覆盖(CK1)、秸秆翻压还田(CK2)、长秸秆氨化翻压还田(AS)和粉碎秸秆氨化翻压还田(PAS)4种秸秆还田方式对秸秆分解速率、土壤水分蓄积、冬小麦叶面积指数和地上部干物质积累、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田210 d后,AS处理秸秆残留量为48.46%,分别较CK1和CK2降低24.31%和13.68%;PAS处理秸秆残留量为41.84%,分别较CK1和CK2降低34.64%和25.46%;且氨化处理加快秸秆分解速率的效果主要体现在冬小麦生长前期。土壤呼吸与秸秆分解速率呈显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.67(P0.05);AS和PAS处理土壤呼吸速率在冬小麦生长前期分别较CK1增加109.66%和170.13%,分别较CK2增加34.55%和73.36%。连续3 a冬小麦生长季,氨化秸秆还田能显著(P0.05)提高冬小麦生长后期0~100 cm土壤蓄水量。粉碎并氨化秸秆(PAS)较未氨化秸秆还田(CK1、CK2)能显著(P0.05)提高冬小麦拔节期后叶面积指数,促进地上部干物质质量的积累。AS和PAS处理冬小麦3 a平均产量分别较CK1提高6.13%和9.53%,分别较CK2提高3.99%和7.32%;水分利用效率分别较CK1提高5.03%和8.73%,分别较CK2提高5.13%和8.83%。其中,PAS处理3 a平均水分利用效率较AS高。因此,氨化并粉碎秸秆还田(PAS)能有效加快秸秆分解,促进冬小麦生长,提高产量和水分利用效率,对于干旱、半干旱地区改良秸秆还田措施具有重要的实际意义和理论价值。     

Interactive effects of N fertilizer source and timing of fertilization leave specific N isotopic signatures in Chinese cabbage and soil

Natural ¹⁵N abundances (δ¹⁵N) in plant and soil can be used as a powerful marker to reveal the history of N fertilization. To investigate whether N fertilizer source and timing of fertilization leave specific δ¹⁵N signals in plant tissue and soil inorganic N, Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. cv. Maeryok), one of the most popular vegetables in Asia, was grown in pots for 60 days with a single or split N applications of organic (composted manure; δ¹⁵N=+16.4‰) or inorganic N (urea; δ¹⁵N=−0.7‰). Seven N treatments were studied: (1) a single basal fertilization with compost or (2) urea; (3) a basal urea application followed by an additional (at 40 days after transplant, same below) compost or (4) urea application; (5) a basal compost application followed by an additional compost or (6) urea application; and (7) no N fertilization. Regardless of the time of N application, δ¹⁵N of cabbage treated with compost was higher (>+9.0‰) than that (< +1.0‰) treated with urea, reflecting the effect of isotopically different N sources. In split N fertilization, only the addition of isotopically different N sources in the middle of the growth period significantly affected the δ¹⁵N of the whole plant. Specific δ¹⁵N signals of basal N inputs were detected in outer cabbage parts formed in the early growth stage, while those of additional N inputs were detected in inner cabbage parts formed in the latter growth stage. We conclude that measurements of temporal variations in δ¹⁵N of plant parts formed in different growth stages could reveal the history of N fertilization.     

Effect of selenite additions on microbial activity and dynamics in three soils incubated under aerobic conditions

Three soils were incubated for 4-day periods with selenite (0-5 mg Se kg⁻¹) and the effect of straw amendment was also studied for one of these soils. The same soil was also incubated for up to 6 weeks, with and without straw and selenite (0-2 mg Se kg⁻¹). Changes in microbial activity (oxygen respiration) and dynamics (total, fungal biomass; bacterial density number) were assessed. Selenium fractionation and volatilization were also quantified. Selenium addition had no marked effect on respiratory activity, total and fungal biomass whatever the incubation period, but inhibited the growth of heterotrophic bacteria in the longer term. When straw was added, the same trend was observed with more variability. The volatilization losses of Se differed between soils but did not vary significantly over the 6-week period and were not affected by straw addition. Freshly added Se was more easily extracted than native soil Se and its extractability decreased with time, whereas no change in the fractionation of native Se was observed. This study shows that moderate additions of Se may influence microbial dynamics in aerated soil but could not establish a causal link with changes in Se fractionation.     

Relationship of soil carbon light fraction, microbial activity, humic acid production and nitrogen fertilization in the decaying process of corn stubble

The variation in stubble decomposition due to fertilizer incorporation was determined in a typical Argiudoll of the Argentinian rolling pampas. The experiment was conducted for 15 years, which included a no till system under maize (Zea mays L.) and a soybean rotation (Glycine max) with 0 and 45kg N ha^–1 nitrogen fertilization treatments, called NFS and FS, respectively. A higher proportion of residues with a high N content was found in the FS plots. The different substrate quality proved to be the regulating factor for mineralization. This activity was indicated by the increase in soil microbial activity and soil carbon light fraction in FS compared to NFS. This carbon light fraction mineralizes rapidly but does not contribute to the most stable components, which are related to synthesis and polymerization of humic acids. No significant differences in humic acid content were found. Received: 24 April 1996     

土壤中无机纳米粒子对玉米秸秆有机质分解的影响

该文从纳米尺度分析土壤颗粒对作物残体有机质分解的影响。将黑土B层提取出的纳米粒子溶液施入正在腐解的秸秆中，在不同的培养时期提取腐解产物，并用重铬酸钾—硫酸容量法测定有机质各分解组分含量和傅里叶红外光谱仪分析主要分解组分 功能团。含量分析结果表明：无机纳米粒子对水溶性有机化合物的生成在腐解前期和后期有显著抑制作用；腐解前期促进碱溶性有机化合物和碱溶性富里酸的生成，在后期没有显著影响；整个腐解过程均促进秸秆腐解生成小分子化合物，并降低水溶性胡敏酸含量。红外光谱分析结果表明：无机纳米粒子在腐解前期和中期抑制碳水化合物生成，腐解中期促进碳酸盐物质生成；整个腐解周期均能显著提高脂肪链结构、甲基、亚甲基生成。该研究证明土壤无机纳米微粒对有机质分解转化有显著影响。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤中铝的化学行为的影响

本文从Al在土壤中的水解-沉淀、吸附-解吸、活化、迁移、降低毒性以及对含Al矿物的表面性质的影响等方面综述了低分子量有机酸对Al的化学行为的影响,并提出了今后需要进一步加强研究的一些方面。     

Phosphomonoesterase production and persistence and composition of bacterial communities during plant material decomposition in soils with different pH values

The aim of this work was to study the synthesis and persistence of acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases in three soils with different pH values amended with ryegrass residues. The organic input increased soil respiration, as estimated by CO₂-C evolution in all soils. The ATP content of the three soils showed a 3-7-fold increase between 7 and 10 d in the different soils since the amendment. The dsDNA content of the three amended soils also peaked between 7 and 10 d, increasing by 2.5-3.5 times in the different soils. The bacterial species richness increased in the amended as compared to the control soils during the early stages (7-10 d) of organic matter decomposition, as indicated by the decreasing values of the Sørensen similarity index between the treatments in this period. Soil amendment increased the alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity by 6, 8 and 15 times in the Vallombrosa acidic, Romola neutral and Vicarello alkaline soil, respectively, whereas the acid phosphomonoesterase activity showed a 6-, 2- and 10-fold increase in the Vallobrosa acidic, Romola neutral and Vicarello alkaline soil, respectively. Phosphatase activities peaked between 4 and 10 d, depending on the activity and the soil considered, but activity of alkaline phosphomonoesterase was higher in alkaline soils and persisted longer than the acid phosphomonoesterase activities; the opposite occurred in the acid soil. During a 180 d decomposition period, both acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities were related to dsDNA and ATP contents in all soils. Peaks of phosphmonoesterase activity coincided with the changes in the composition of the bacterial microflora, as detected by 16S-rDNA analysis, although no relationship between bacterial community composition and persistence of the phosphomonoesterase activities could be shown. It was concluded that acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases are produced in greater amounts during plant residue decomposition, and that in acid soils acid phosphomonoesterase activity predominates and in neutral and alkaline soils alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity predominates. However, the persistence of newly produced enzymes is determinated by other factors such as soil texture, organic matter content and formation of soil colloid-enzyme complexes.